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The biological strength of the SAg (its capability to promote) is identified by its affinity for the TCR. SAgs with the greatest affinity for the TCR generate the strongest action. SPMEZ-2 is the most powerful SAg found to date. T-cell signaling [modify] The Droop cross-links the MHC and the TCR causing a signaling pathway that results in the expansion of the cell and production of cytokines.

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Low levels of Zap-70 have actually been discovered in T-cells triggered by Droops, indicating that the typical signaling path of T-cell activation is impaired. It is assumed that Fyn rather than Lck is activated by a tyrosine kinase, leading to the adaptive induction of anergy. Both the protein kinase C path and the protein tyrosine kinase paths are triggered, leading to upregulating production of proinflammatory cytokines.

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Direct results [modify] SAg stimulation of antigen presenting cells and T-cells generates a reaction that is primarily inflammatory, concentrated on the action of Th1 T-helper cells. Some of the major items are IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-, gamma interferon (IFN-), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), MIP-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1).

Removal or anergy of triggered T-cells follows infection. This arises from production of IL-4 and IL-10 from prolonged exposure to the contaminant. The IL-4 and IL-10 downregulate production of IFN-gamma, MHC Class II, and costimulatory particles on the surface of APCs. These impacts produce memory cells that are unresponsive to antigen stimulation.

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MHC crosslinking also activates a signaling pathway that suppresses hematopoiesis and upregulates Fas-mediated apoptosis. IFN- is another product of extended SAg exposure. This cytokine is closely related to induction of autoimmunity, and the autoimmune illness Kawasaki disease is known to be caused by SAg infection.  over the counter lotion for psoriasis  in T-cells leads to production of CD40 ligand which activates isotype switching in B cells to Ig, G and Ig, M and Ig, E.

The poisonous results of the microorganism and Droop also damage tissue and organ systems, a condition called toxic shock syndrome. If the initial swelling is made it through, the host cells end up being anergic or are deleted, leading to a badly jeopardized body immune system. Superantigenicity independent (indirect) impacts [edit] Apart from their mitogenic activity, SAgs have the ability to cause symptoms that are particular of infection.